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Branding national myths and symbols,〔1〕 or BNMS, is a field of research focusing on branding and marketing of a nation's myths and symbols. The research blends the theories of marketing, cultural communications, sociology, public relations, and semiotics. The awareness of a nation’s (or a collective group’s) internal myths and symbols may result in raising cultural relations between nations, according to this theory. The use dates from before the 1990, and field of study dates from about 2000, but was not given this moniker by a scholar until 2009. The principles of ''BNMS'' are related to, but are different from Nation branding. The main difference between two principles is that ''nation branding'' is primarily concerned with raising the global image of a nation for better economic return, while ''BNMS'' is concerned with the revealing and demonstrating the meanings behind a nation’s internal myths and symbols. In other words, ''nation branding'' is the selling or promotion of the external identity of a nation, while ''BNMS'' is the revealing of their internal identity, either for its own citizens to believe in, or to achieve better global relations between nations. According to the theory, each national myth and symbol has its own hidden meanings that may reinforce these misunderstanding between nations. Examples of BNMS include changing the symbols on currency, a national anthem (see, ''e.g.'', National Anthem Project by the United States), and advertising in political campaigns. ==Core concepts== A national myth is an inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation's past. Such myths often serve as an important national symbol and affirm a set of national values. A national myth may sometimes take the form of a national epic, part of the nation's civil religion, a legend or fictionalized narrative, which has been elevated to serious mythological, symbolical and esteemed level so as to be true to the nation. It might simply over-dramatize true incidents, omit important historical details, or add details for which there is no evidence; or it might simply be a fictional story that no one takes to be true literally, but contains a symbolic meaning for the nation. The national folklore of many nations includes a founding myth, which may involve a struggle against colonialism or a war of independence. National myths serve many social and political purposes, such as state-sponsored propaganda, or of inspiring civic virtue and self-sacrifice. In some cases, the meaning of the national myth may become disputed among different parts of the population, such as majority and minority groups, which makes ''branding'' and ''advertising'' of the national myth necessary.〔〔 WIPO has conducted a number of symposia on the protection of folklore, ''i.e.'', "traditional cultural expressions", with the goal of preventing their "misappropriation" by branding, patenting, trademarking, or copyright by other persons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Branding national myths and symbols」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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